What is Linux Operating System? [Definition] A Beginner's Guide

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Before moving to Linux, we were all relying on the Unix operating system that was developed around the 1970s at Bell Labs by renowned people Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. There were a lot of similarities between Unix and Linux. Both operating systems provide almost similar tools for the interface, programming, filesystem layouts, and major components. Linux has gained much popularity and has come a long way in every developer's life. There is no task that you cannot accomplish using the Linux environment, tools, and features. In this article, we will highlight Linux, how it is different from other OS, its advantages, and limitations, who uses Linux, and other various key things.

What is Linux Operating System? [Definition]

Linux is one of the popular versions of the UNIX operating system. It is open source and its source code is freely available. It is completely free to use. Since Linux is designed with UNIX compatibility in mind, when comparing Linux and Unix, we understand their features are similar. Linux is designed to run on everything from mobile devices to supercomputers to run a wide range of applications. 

What is the Linux kernel?

All Linux-based operating systems consist of the Linux kernel, which runs on the hardware components, and a set of software programs that cover the rest of the operating system. The Linux operating system uses the Linux kernel to allow users to run software programs on their computers and use hardware resources efficiently. In addition to the kernel, the Linux operating system includes tools, libraries, drivers, services, and other software for system management, hardware communication, file management, and network access.

The history of Linux operating system

In 1991, a computer science student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, Linus Torvalds, decided to design a new operating system based on Unix. He needed an operating system for his personal use and for developing his programs. Linus published the source code of his operating system on the Internet and asked for help and feedback from the programming community. This code became known as the “Linux kernel.”

A group of programmers from all over the world joined Linus and began developing and improving the Linux kernel. This active programming community, along with international collaboration from other programmers, led to the rapid growth of the Linux kernel. In 1994, the first official release of Linux, version 1.0, was released. This initial release included the basic features of a Unix-like operating system. Then, further development and improvements have been made to the Linux kernel.

Linux components and architecture 

If you want to understand the Linux operating system better, you need to have a detailed overview of its components and architecture. The Linux structure consists of the following parts:

1. Kernel: Provides the required resources for each operation and process by virtualizing various hardware. The kernel is also responsible for reducing conflicts between different processes and consists of 4 types: integrated, microkernel, "hybrid" and "exo".
2. System Library: Linux uses system libraries, also known as “Shared Libraries,” to implement various operating system functions. These libraries contain pre-written code that is used in developing application software. 
3. Shell: The Linux user interface is called the shell. Users can interact with the operating system by entering commands that can be interpreted and executed in the shell environment. 
4. Hardware layer: This layer includes all the physical parts of the computer, including RAM, storage, processor, and input and output devices. The hardware layer is responsible for communicating with the Linux operating system and providing the necessary resources to the programs. 
5. System Utilities: Essential tools and programs related to the operating system that play an important role in managing and configuring various parts of the system. For example, installing software, configuring network settings, and monitoring system performance. 

Advantages of using Linux

The great advantages of Linux operating system make it a better choice than other operating systems for some use cases. Here we identify the top benefits of Linux:

1- Open source

Since Linux is open source, its source code is easily available to everyone. Anyone with programming knowledge can customize this operating system. Its codes can be contributed, modified, distributed, and enhanced for any purpose. Also, you can learn 

2- Security

The security feature of Linux is the main reason why it is the most desirable option for developers. Every program requires permission from the administrator user. Unless the administrator provides password access, it will be protected from different viruses. Linux systems don’t need any antivirus programs. 

If you use a Linux server, you can learn ways to secure Linux server. 

3- Free

Of course, the biggest advantage of the Linux system is that it is free to use. We can easily download it and there is no need to buy a license for it. It is distributed under the GNU GPL (General Public License).

4- Lightweight

Linux is lightweight. The requirements for running Linux are much lower than other operating systems. With Linux, you’ll need a lower amount of memory and disk space. In general, most Linux distributions require 128 MB of RAM and disk space.

5- Stability

Linux is more stable than other operating systems. It doesn’t need a system reboot to maintain performance levels. It also rarely slows down and has a high runtime. Due to the established and modular design of the Linux kernel, this operating system easily adapts to changes and updates. Also, you don’t need to reboot the system to apply updates.

6- High speed

In addition to stability, Linux offers high speed and efficiency with ongoing optimizations and execution of tasks. This feature is especially crucial for serving servers and execution points that require stability and high runtime. Also, resource management and optimizing memory usage in Linux have a positive effect on its performance.

Note: It is important to pay attention to points such as hardware settings, installed software, and system configuration to get the most optimal performance from Linux.

7- Performance

The Linux system provides high performance over various networks. This capability allows for the simultaneous management of a large number of users. This main feature is due to the design and optimizations of Linux kernel and management tools.

The Linux kernel uses a variety of tools and protocols for network management, including TCP/IP and various network management tools such as iptables and sysctl. These tools allow for powerful network management, security settings, and bandwidth control.

8- Multi-user features

Linux can also be managed well with a large number of simultaneous users. Through multi-user features and user account management systems such as PAM and sudo, Linux provides the ability to create and manage user accounts with different access levels. This feature is very important for servers, shared hosting systems, and business environments with a large number of users.

9- Flexibility

The Linux operating system is very flexible. It can also be used for desktop applications, embedded systems, and server applications. Linux is also used as a desktop operating system.

10- High-performance graphical desktop environment

Different Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian, come with various graphical environments such as GNOME, KDE, and Xfce. This allows users to experience a multi-window and high-performance graphical desktop environment.

11- Software Updates

In Linux, software updates are under the control of the user. We can choose the updates we need. These updates are much faster than other operating systems and therefore can be installed easily without any problems.

12- Live CD/USB

Almost all Linux distributions have a Live CD/USB option. This feature allows us to try out the Linux operating system without having to install, check, or run it.

13- Best for programmers

Linux offers a wide range of useful applications for development. Also, it can support almost all types of widely used programming languages ​​such as: 

• C
• C++
• Python
• Java
• Ruby

If you’re a programmer, you should learn top Linux distros for programming. 

Disadvantages of Linux

Where there are pluses, there will also be some tradeoffs. Outlined below, are the few limitations that you may face using the Linux operating system.

• If you have already worked on the Windows operating system, you may feel that Linux is not as user-friendly as your Windows system.
• With Linux, you will not get dedicated support. If you want to fix anything then you are on your own or can take help from various Linux forums.
• You will get less driver support and may not be able to use certain hardware or the older versions of hardware.
• You may not be able to leverage the proprietary programs on a Linux environment like other operating systems.

What are Linux Distributions?

There are many different versions of Linux designed for different types of applications, known as Linux distributions. All users, beginners, and professionals, can choose the top Linux distribution for desired use cases. Almost all Linux distributions are available for free download and can be installed on various devices. Some of the popular Linux distributions that you can use are:

1. DEBIAN

Debian GNU/Linux is a distribution that supports many hardware platforms. Many people think Debian is a good choice for experienced users. Debian has a slow release cycle, with stable releases every one to three years.

DEBIAN use cases 

• Server environments 
• Experienced users 
• Cross-platform compatibility 

2. Ubuntu 

Ubuntu is a Debian-based distribution designed to provide regular releases, a consistent user experience, and commercial support on desktop and server. A new version of this program is released regularly every six months and is known for its support for new technology. 

Ubuntu use cases 

• Personal desktops 
• Developers need a consistent environment 
• Server setups for websites and applications

3. CentOS

CentOS is an open-source Unix-like operating system built on the Linux kernel and released by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The CentOS server is one of the most widely used web servers in companies and organizations.

CentOS use cases 

• Enterprise servers needing a stable alternative to Red Hat Enterprise Linux
• Web hosting and cloud environments 
• Production environments 

4. Kali Linux

Kali Linux (formerly known as BackTrack Linux) is a Debian-based and open-source Linux distribution designed to perform advanced penetration testing and security assessments. Kali Linux includes hundreds of tools that are targeted for various tasks.

Kali Linux use cases 

• Penetration testing for security professionals.
• Vulnerability assessments and security audits on networks and systems.
• Digital forensics and incident response for cybersecurity investigations.

5. Linux Mint (LINUX MINT)

Linux Mint is another popular Linux distribution. Mint is an Ubuntu-based distribution that differs from Ubuntu in custom themes and various applications and graphical tools to increase usability, such as mintDesktop to configure the desktop environment and mintInstall for easier software installation.

Linux Mint (LINUX MINT) use cases 

• Beginner-friendly desktop for users transitioning from Windows.
• Personal desktop users want a polished, easy-to-use interface.
• Enhanced desktop environment with customized themes and tools.

6. Fedora

Fedora is a distribution supported by the Linux community and is based on Red Hat Linux. Fedora is particularly strong in enterprise features and has a standard six-month release schedule. It also uses the RPM format for software distribution and updates. 

Fedora use cases 

• Developers who want open-source tools and software.
• Server and cloud environments require the latest features and technology.
• Tech enthusiasts looking for a rapid release cycle with the latest updates

If you’re a gamer, you should be familiar with best Linux distros for gamers. 

Use cases of Linux 

Linux has a wide range of use cases. In this section, we only point out some use cases of Linux:

• Servers: Web servers, email servers, database servers, and file servers can use the Linux operating system. Linux is a good choice for providing network services due to its stability, security, and high scalability.
• Desktop computers and laptops: Some Linux distributions can be used by desktop computers or laptops, which include a set of office programs, Internet browsers, graphics software, and software development tools. 
• Smartphones and Mobile Phones: Android, which is designed based on Linux, is used as the operating system of the most popular mobile phone brands such as Samsung, LG, and Huawei.
• Internet of Things (IoT): With the increasing growth of the Internet of Things, Linux is used as an operating system for various devices such as smart home devices, medical devices, smart systems in cars, and other devices.
• Software Development: Programmers and developers use Linux as a software development environment. The software development tools, compilers, editors, and open-source libraries of Linux make software development easy.

How Does Linux Differ from Other Operating Systems?

Like other operating systems, Linux also provides you with a graphical interface and some similar software and applications that you may use on other operating systems. Today, many application and software developers are now launching versions for the Linux environment also, so that users can leverage all kinds of applications on the Linux system as well. 

However, what are the things that make Linux unique from others? First, Linux is available as a free and open-source, making its source code available for every user to make changes and add new tools or features for everyone’s use. Thus, creating opportunities for various developers to contribute to making Linux more advanced. Also, Linux offers you various distributions possessing different feature sets and applications. Thus, making Linux more customizable from different developers' perspectives. 

Can Linux run Windows programs?

Yes, Linux can run Windows programs, but not directly! Linux and Windows are two different operating systems, and programs developed for Windows cannot be run directly on Linux.

However, there are ways to run Windows programs on Linux, such as using emulation software (Wine and CrossOver) or virtualization (VirtualBox and VMware). These methods allow you to run Windows programs on Linux, but they require specific settings and configurations.

What is Linux hosting?

Linux hosting is a platform based on the Linux operating system that is used to provide web hosting services. This service allows you to place your website files, images, and videos on Linux hosting and make them available to users online. The advantages of using Linux hosting include high security, stability, and faster speed compared to other hosting services. Linux hosting costs are also more affordable than other services.

How to Install Linux?

Unlike other operating systems, installing Linux is easy. Most versions of Linux offer a live distribution that allows you to run the operating system from a CD/DVD or USB Flash Drive without making any changes to your hard drive. This means that you will have access to the full functionality of Linux without having to install and configure it. To get started with Linux, follow these steps:

1. Preparation: Ensure you have all the installation requirements on your device. Also, if you want to install third-party software (such as MP3 playback plugins and video codecs) do it.
2. Wireless Setup (if applicable): To download software and updates to wireless devices such as laptops, you need to make sure you have a network connection.
3. Hard Drive Selection: Allows you to specify how you want to install Linux, including installing another operating system, using the entire hard drive, upgrading an existing Linux version, or installing an existing Linux version.
4. Location: Here you select your location from the map.
5. User Settings and Keyboard Layout: Includes setting a username and password as well as Keyboard Layout Setting. 
6. Restart: After the installation process is complete, you can restart the device and use it.

Conclusion

You should never underestimate the effectiveness and power of the Linux Operating System environment and its distributions. If you dive deep into the concepts of the Linux operating system, you will get different opportunities and room to work on and grow where you will learn more about what is Linux operating system is and the uses of Linux OS; this is all that you have been learned through our article. You will be able to create new applications that can do wonders and work differently if based on Linux. There is a pool of resources online that you can consider for moving forward. Once you gain enough knowledge, it will help you in creating innovative applications.